Globalisation, Employment, and Wage Rate: What Does Literature Tell Us?

This paper provides a literature review on the labor market outcome of international trade and outsourcing trends in developed countries, focusing on employment, wage rates, and wage dispersions. However, the literature offers ambiguous answers. International trade and outsourcing are examined not to be the determinant force of labour market movements. It tends to add to rising inequality and lowering the demand for low-skilled workers in Anglo-Saxon economies, while there is no clear-cut result for continental Europe. It induces skill-biased wage differentials and cross-sector change. Causality of globalisation effects on labour market and the inter-sectoral spill-over effects are underappreciated.globalisation, trade, offshore outsourcing, employment, wage rates, skill bias

Eine Panel-Analyse des chinesischen Intraindustriellen Handels im Investitionsgütersektor

This paper adopts the Hausman-Taylor 2SLS error components approach in estimating the determinants of China's Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) in the capital goods sector with its 26 partner countries. It disaggregates IIT into horizontal IIT (HIIT) and vertical IIT (VIIT). Capital goods final products and intermediates are separately estimated in order to reveal the differentiated trade patterns. It finds that economic similarity is very significantly negatively correlated with the intermediates IIT, but to a less extent correlated with the final products IIT. Factor endowment is of no significance in determining IIT in the intermediates, although it is significantly positively correlated with the final products IIT. Economic size is significantly negatively correlated with both final products and intermediates IIT. Distance is not yet dead in impacting the level of final products IIT, but of less importance in influencing the intermediates IIT. China is exchanging intermediates in a less intraindustry manner with ASEAN nations. However, because VIIT is dominating TIIT, no significant differences exist between the estimation results of TIIT and VIIT.intra-industry trade, panel econometrics

You Only Propagate Once: Accelerating Adversarial Training via Maximal Principle

Deep learning achieves state-of-the-art results in many tasks in computer vision and natural language processing. However, recent works have shown that deep networks can be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations, which raised a serious robustness issue of deep networks. Adversarial training, typically formulated as a robust optimization problem, is an effective way of improving the robustness of deep networks. A major drawback of existing adversarial training algorithms is the computational overhead of the generation of adversarial examples, typically far greater than that of the network training. This leads to the unbearable overall computational cost of adversarial training. In this paper, we show that adversarial training can be cast as a discrete time differential game. Through analyzing the Pontryagin's Maximal Principle (PMP) of the problem, we observe that the adversary update is only coupled with the parameters of the first layer of the network. This inspires us to restrict most of the forward and back propagation within the first layer of the network during adversary updates. This effectively reduces the total number of full forward and backward propagation to only one for each group of adversary updates. Therefore, we refer to this algorithm YOPO (You Only Propagate Once). Numerical experiments demonstrate that YOPO can achieve comparable defense accuracy with approximately 1/5 ~ 1/4 GPU time of the projected gradient descent (PGD) algorithm. Our codes are available at https://https://github.com/a1600012888/YOPO-You-Only-Propagate-Once.Comment: Accepted as a conference paper at NeurIPS 201

EPP Energy Efficiency Calculation and Influencing Factor Analysis: Cases in China

Efficiency power plant (EPP) promotes the use of energy efficiency power plant technology and energy efficient equipment, coupled with its low-input, zero pollution, zero emissions, and other advantages, having an important role in the control of energy consumption and energy saving. In order to carry out scientific EPP investment decisions, the level of energy efficiency is an important basis for investment decisions. This paper introduces total factor energy efficiency (TFEE) in energy efficiency calculation of EPP, constructs energy efficiency calculation model considering environmental benefits, and takes the micro and macro cases in China for analysis; the results show that the TFEE of both single energy efficiency project and EPP are at a relatively high level (above 0.7), and there is a huge gap between calculation results considering and without considering the environmental benefit. In order to discuss energy efficiency influencing factors, the paper analyzes generalized technological advances variation feature of China typical provinces implementing EPP based on generalized technological advances decomposition model by Malmquist index, finding that the steady growth of M index in these provinces is derived from the management level of implementation of EPP and the large-scale production capacity of formation and management. We hope the models and conclusions could provide some references on EPP energy efficiency calculation and decision

Progressive IRP Models for Power Resources Including EPP

In the view of optimizing regional power supply and demand, the paper makes effective planning scheduling of supply and demand side resources including energy efficiency power plant (EPP), to achieve the target of benefit, cost, and environmental constraints. In order to highlight the characteristics of different supply and demand resources in economic, environmental, and carbon constraints, three planning models with progressive constraints are constructed. Results of three models by the same example show that the best solutions to different models are different. The planning model including EPP has obvious advantages considering pollutant and carbon emission constraints, which confirms the advantages of low cost and emissions of EPP. The construction of progressive IRP models for power resources considering EPP has a certain reference value for guiding the planning and layout of EPP within other power resources and achieving cost and environmental objectives

Advances in basic research, clinical diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer in 2022

Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary tract. Significant progress has been made in both basic and clinical research on BCa, which has further elucidated the drivers of BCa development at the gene and protein levels, and explored the structure and interactions of the tumor microenvironment. The early diagnostic index nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) of BCa has great clinical limitations, and new biomarkers are constantly being developed to make early diagnosis more accurate. A breakthrough has been made in the comprehensive treatment of BCa, including the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy on cisplatin-based first-line chemotherapy, the application of antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), and the combination of these drugs in different stages of BCa. In order to better describe the recently achieved research results, a review of the research progress of BCa in 2022 was presented